Preuzeto sa Vikipedije:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operations
This
timeline of United States government military operations, based in part on reports by the
Congressional Research Service, shows the years and places in which
U.S. military units participated in armed conflicts or occupation of foreign territories. Items
in bold are wars most often considered to be
major conflicts by historians and the general public.
Note that instances where the U.S. government gave aid alone, with no military personnel involvement, are excluded, as are
Central Intelligence Agency operations. In domestic peacetime disputes such as
riots and
labor issues, only operations undertaken by
active duty personnel (aka "federal troops" or "U.S. military") are depicted in this article;
state defense forces and the
National Guard are not included, as they're not fully integrated into the U.S. armed forces even if they are federalized for duty within the U.S.
Extraterritorial and major domestic deployments[edit]
1775–1799[edit]
1785–1795:
Northwest Indian War: a series of battles with various native tribes in present-day
Ohio. The goal of the campaign was to affirm American sovereignty over the region and to create increased opportunities for settlement.
1798–1800:
Quasi-War: an undeclared naval war with the
French First Republic over American default on its war debt. Another contributing factor was the continuation of American trade with Britain, with whom their former French allies were at war. This contest included land actions, such as that in the
Dominican Republic city of
Puerto Plata, where
U.S. Marines captured a French vessel under the guns of the forts. Congress authorized military action through a series of statutes.
[1]
1799–1800:
Fries's Rebellion: a string of protests against the enactment of new real estate taxes to pay for the Quasi-War. Hostilities were concentrated in the communities of the
Pennsylvania Dutch.
1800–1809[edit]
1801–1805:
First Barbary War: a series of naval battles in the Mediterranean against the
Kingdom of Tripoli, a quasi-independent state of the
Ottoman Empire. Action was in response to the capture of numerous American ships by the infamous
Barbary pirates. The federal government rejected the Tripolitan request for an annual tribute to guarantee safe passage, and an American naval blockade ensued. After the seizure of
USS Philadelphia, American forces under
William Eaton invaded coastal cities. A peace treaty resulted in the payment of a ransom for the return of captured American soldiers and only temporarily eased hostilities.
[1]
1810–1819[edit]
1812:
Amelia Island and other parts of east Florida, then under Spain: Temporary possession was authorized by President
James Madison and by Congress, to prevent occupation by any other power; but possession was obtained by General
George Mathews in so irregular a manner that his measures were disavowed by the President.
[RL30172]
1812–1815:
War of 1812: On June 18, 1812, the United States declared war against the United Kingdom. Among the issues leading to the war were British
impressment of American sailors into the
Royal Navy, interception of neutral ships and blockades of the United States during British hostilities with France.
[RL30172] The war ended with the
Battle of New Orleans in 1815.
1813: West Florida (Spanish territory): On authority given by Congress, General Wilkinson seized
Mobile Bay in April with 600 soldiers. A small Spanish garrison gave way. Thus U.S. troops advanced into disputed territory to the
Perdido River, as projected in 1810. No fighting.
[RL30172]
1815: Tripoli: After securing an agreement from Algiers, Captain
Stephen Decatur demonstrated with his squadron at
Tunis and Tripoli, where he secured indemnities for offenses during the War of 1812.
[RL30172]
1817:
Amelia Island (Spanish territory off Florida): Under orders of President
James Monroe, United States forces landed and expelled a group of smugglers, adventurers, and freebooters. This episode in Florida's history became known as the
Amelia Island Affair.
[RL30172]
1820–1829[edit]
1822:
Spanish Cuba: United States naval forces suppressing piracy landed on the northwest coast of Cuba and burned a pirate station.
[RL30172]
1824:
Puerto Rico (Spanish territory): Commodore
David Porter with a landing party attacked the town of
Fajardo which had sheltered pirates and insulted naval officers. He landed with 200 men in November and forced an apology. Commodore Porter was later court-martialed for overstepping his powers.
[RL30172]
1830–1839[edit]
1833:
Argentina: October 31 to November 15, A force was sent ashore at
Buenos Aires to protect the interests of the United States and other countries during an insurrection.
[RL30172]
1835–1836:
Peru: December 10, 1835 to January 24, 1836 and August 31 to December 7, 1836, Marines protected American interests in Callao and Lima during an attempted revolution.
[RL30172]
1835–1842:
Florida Territory: United States Navy supports the Army's efforts at quelling uprisings and attacks on civilians by Seminole Indians. Government's efforts to relocate the Seminoles to west of the Mississippi are hindered by 7 years of war.
1838: The
Caroline affair on
Navy Island,
Upper Canada: After the failure of the
Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837 favoring Canadian democracy and independence from the
British Empire;
William Lyon Mackenzie and his rebels fled to Navy Island where they declared the
Republic of Canada. American sympathizers sent supplies on SS
Caroline, which was intercepted by the British and set ablaze, after killing one American. It was falsely reported that dozens of Americans were killed as they were trapped on board, and American forces retaliated by burning a British steamer while it was in U.S. waters.
1840–1849[edit]
1841:
Samoa: On February 24, a naval party landed and burned towns after the murder of an American seaman on
Upolu.
[RL30172]
1843: Africa: From November 29 to December 16, four United States vessels demonstrated and landed various parties (one of 200 marines and sailors) to discourage piracy and the slave trade along the
Ivory Coast, and to punish attacks by the natives on American seamen and shipping.
[RL30172]
1846–1848:
Mexican–American War: On May 13, 1846, the United States recognized the existence of a state of war with Mexico. After the annexation of
Texas in 1845, the United States and Mexico failed to resolve a boundary dispute and President Polk said that it was necessary to deploy forces in Mexico to meet a threatened invasion.
The war ended with the
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848. The treaty gave the U.S. undisputed control of
Texas, established the
U.S.–Mexican border of the
Rio Grande, and ceded to the United States the present-day states of
California,
Nevada,
Utah,
Arizona,
New Mexico,
Wyoming, and parts of
Colorado. In return, Mexico received
US$18,250,000 (equivalent to about $539,000,000 in 2019)
[2] — less than half the amount the U.S. had attempted to offer Mexico for the land before the opening of hostilities.
[RL30172]
1849:
Smyrna (İzmir, Turkey): In July, a naval force gained release of an American seized by
Austrian officials.
[RL30172]
1850–1859[edit]
1852–1853: Argentina: February 3 to 12, 1852; September 17, 1852 to April 1853: Marines were landed and maintained in Buenos Aires to protect American interests during a revolution.
[RL30172]
1853:
Nicaragua: March 11 to 13, US forces landed to protect American lives and interests during political disturbances.
[RL30172]
1853–1854:
Ryūkyū and
Bonin Islands (Japan): Commodore
Matthew Perry on three visits before going to Japan and while waiting for a reply from Japan made a naval demonstration, landing marines twice, and secured a coaling concession from the ruler of
Naha on
Okinawa; he also demonstrated in the Bonin Islands with the purpose of securing facilities for commerce.
[RL30172]
1854:
China: April 4 to June 17, American and British ships landed forces to protect American interests in and near
Shanghai during Chinese civil strife.
[RL30172]
1855: China: On May 19–21, U.S. forces protected American interests in
Shanghai and, from August 3 to 5 fought pirates near
Hong Kong.
[RL30172]
1855: Fiji Islands: From September 12 to November 4, an American naval force landed to seek reparations for attacks on American residents and seamen.
[RL30172]
1855:
Uruguay: On November 25–29, United States and European naval forces landed to protect American interests during an attempted revolution in
Montevideo.
[RL30172]
1856: China: From October 22 to December 6, U.S. forces landed to protect American interests at Canton during hostilities between the British and the Chinese, and to avenge an assault upon an unarmed boat displaying the
United States flag.
[RL30172]
1857–1858:
Utah War: The Utah War was a dispute between
Mormon settlers in
Utah Territory and the United States federal government. The Mormons and Washington each sought control over the government of the territory, with the national government victorious. The confrontation between the Mormon militia and the U.S. Army involved some destruction of property, but no actual battles between the contending military forces.
1857: Nicaragua: April to May, November to December. In May, Commander
Charles Henry Davis of the United States Navy, with some marines, received the surrender of
William Walker, self-proclaimed
president of Nicaragua, who was losing control of the country to forces financed by his former business partner,
Cornelius Vanderbilt, and protected his men from the retaliation of native allies who had been fighting Walker. In November and December of the same year United States vessels
USS Saratoga,
USS Wabash, and Fulton opposed another attempt of William Walker on Nicaragua. Commodore
Hiram Paulding's act of landing marines and compelling the removal of Walker to the United States, was tacitly disavowed by Secretary of State
Lewis Cass, and Paulding was forced into retirement.
[RL30172]
1858: Uruguay: From January 2 to 27, forces from two United States warships landed to protect American property during a revolution in
Montevideo.
[RL30172]
1858–1859: Ottoman Empire:
Secretary of State Lewis Cass requested a display of naval force along the
Levant after a massacre of Americans at
Jaffa and mistreatment elsewhere "to remind the authorities (of the Ottoman Empire) of the power of the United States."
[RL30172]
1859: Paraguay: Congress authorized a naval squadron to seek redress for an attack on a naval vessel in the
Paraná River during 1855. Apologies were made after a large display of force.
[RL30172]
1859: China: From July 31 to August 2, a naval force landed to protect American interests in
Shanghai.
[RL30172]
1860–1869[edit]
1860: Colombia,
Bay of Panama: From September 27 to October 8, naval forces landed to protect American interests during a revolution.
[RL30172]
1864: Japan: From July 14 to August 3, naval forces protected the United States Minister to Japan when he visited
Yedo to negotiate concerning some American claims against Japan, and to make his negotiations easier by impressing the Japanese with American power.
[RL30172]
1864: Japan: From September 4 to 14, as part of the
Shimonoseki Campaign, naval forces of the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Netherlands compelled Japan and the Prince of Nagato in particular to permit the Straits of Shimonoseki to be used by foreign shipping in accordance with treaties already signed.
[RL30172]
1865: Panama: On March 9 and 10, US forces protected the lives and property of American residents during a revolution.
[RL30172]
1866: Mexico: To protect American residents, General Sedgwick and 100 men in November obtained surrender of
Matamoros, on the border state of
Tamaulipas. After three days he was ordered by US Government to withdraw. His act was repudiated by President
Andrew Johnson.
[RL30172]
1866: China: From June 20 to July 7, US forces punished an assault on the American consul at
Newchwang.
[RL30172]
1867: Formosa (island of Taiwan): On June 13, a naval force landed and burned a number of huts to punish the murder of the crew of a wrecked American vessel.
1868: Uruguay: On February 7–8, and 19–26, US forces protected foreign residents and the customhouse during an insurrection at Montevideo.
[RL30172]
1868: Colombia: In April, US forces protected passengers and treasure in transit at
Aspinwall during the absence of local police or troops on the occasion of the death of President
Manuel Murillo Toro.
[RL30172]
1870–1879[edit]
1872:
Korea:
Shinmiyangyo – June 10 to 12, A US naval force attacked and captured five forts to force stalled negotiations on trade agreements and to punish natives for depredations on Americans, particularly for executing the crew of the General Sherman and burning the schooner (which in turn happened because the crew had stolen food and kidnapped a Korean official), and for later firing on other American small boats taking soundings up the Salee River.
[RL30172]
1873: Colombia (Bay of Panama): May 7 to 22, September 23 to October 9. U.S. forces protected American interests during hostilities between local groups over control of the government of the State of Panama.
[RL30172]
1873–1896: Mexico: United States troops crossed the Mexican border repeatedly in pursuit of cattle thieves and other brigands.
[RL30172]
1876: Mexico: On May 18, an American force was landed to police the town of
Matamoros, Mexico, temporarily while it was without other government.
[RL30172]
1880–1889[edit]
1882:
Egyptian Expedition: July 14 to 18, American forces landed to protect American interests during warfare between British and Egyptians and looting of the city of Alexandria by Arabs.
[RL30172]
1885: Colombia (Colón): January 18 and 19, US forces were used to guard the valuables in transit over the Panama Railroad, and the safes and vaults of the company during revolutionary activity. In March, April, and May in the cities of Colón and Panama, the forces helped reestablish freedom of transit during revolutionary activity (see
Burning of Colón).
[RL30172]
1888: Korea: June, A naval force was sent ashore to protect American residents in Seoul during unsettled political conditions, when an outbreak of the populace was expected.
[RL30172]
1888: Haiti: December 20, A display of force persuaded the Haitian Government to give up an American steamer which had been seized on the charge of breach of blockade.
[RL30172]
1889: Kingdom of Hawaii: July 30 and 31, US forces at
Honolulu protected the interests of Americans living in Hawaii during an American led revolution.
[RL30172]
1890–1899[edit]
1890:
Argentina: A naval party landed to protect US consulate and legation in Buenos Aires.
[RL30172]
1891:
Itata Incident: US and European naval forces intercepted and detained a shipment of arms sent to the Congressionalist forces in the
Chilean Civil War.
1891:
Chile: August 28 to 30, US forces protected the American consulate and the women and children who had taken refuge in it during a revolution in
Valparaíso.
[RL30172]
1892:
Homestead Strike: On July 6, striking miners attacked
Pinkerton National Detective Agency agents attempting to break the strike by bringing non-union workers to the mine. 6,000 Pennsylvania state militiamen were sent to reinstate law and order. 16 dead, 27–47 wounded
1894: Nicaragua: July 6 to August 7, US forces sought to protect American interests at
Bluefields following a revolution.
[RL30172]
1894–1895: China: A naval vessel was beached and used as a fort at Newchwang for protection of American nationals.
[RL30172]
1894–1896: Korea: July 24, 1894 to April 3, 1896, A guard of marines was sent to protect the American legation and American lives and interests at
Seoul during and following the
First Sino-Japanese War.
[RL30172]
1895: Colombia: March 8 and 9, US forces protected American interests during an attack on the town of
Bocas del Toro by a bandit chieftain.
[RL30172]
1896: Nicaragua: May 2 to 4, US forces protected American interests in Corinto during political unrest.
[RL30172]
1898: Nicaragua: February 7 and 8, US forces protected American lives and property at San Juan del Sur.
[RL30172]
1898–1899: Samoa:
Second Samoan Civil War, a conflict that reached a head in 1898 when Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States were locked in dispute over who should have control over the Samoan island chain.
1898–1899: China: November 5, 1898 to March 15, 1899, US forces provided a guard for the legation at Peking and the consulate at Tientsin during contest between the Dowager Empress and her son.
[RL30172]
1899: Nicaragua: American and British naval forces were landed to protect national interests at San Juan del Norte, February 22 to March 5, and at Bluefields a few weeks later in connection with the insurrection of Gen. Juan P. Reyes.
[RL30172]
1899–1913:
Philippine Islands:
Philippine–American War, US forces protected American interests following the war with Spain, defeating Filipino revolutionaries seeking immediate national independence.
[RL30172] The U.S. government declared the insurgency officially over in 1902, when the Filipino leadership generally accepted American rule. Skirmishes between government troops and armed groups lasted until 1913, and some historians consider these unofficial extensions of the war.
[4]
1900–1909[edit]
1900: China: From May 24 to September 28,
Boxer Rebellion. American troops participated in operations to protect foreign lives during the Boxer uprising, particularly at Peking. For many years after this experience a permanent legation guard was maintained in Peking, and was strengthened at times as trouble threatened.
[RL30172]
1901: Colombia (State of Panama): From November 20 to December 4. (See:
Separation of Panama from Colombia) US forces protected American property on the Isthmus and kept transit lines open during serious revolutionary disturbances.
[RL30172]
1902: Colombia: From April 16 to 23, US forces protected American lives and property at Bocas del Toro during a civil war.
[RL30172]
1902: Colombia (State of
Panama): From September 17 to November 18, the United States placed armed guards on all trains crossing the Isthmus to keep the railroad line open, and stationed ships on both sides of Panama to prevent the landing of Colombian troops.
[RL30172]
1903:
Honduras: From March 23 to 30 or 31, US forces protected the American consulate and the steamship wharf at
Puerto Cortes during a period of revolutionary activity.
[RL30172]
1903: Dominican Republic: From March 30 to April 21, a detachment of marines was landed to protect American interests in the city of Santo Domingo during a revolutionary outbreak.
[RL30172]
1903:
Syria: From September 7 to 12, US forces protected the American consulate in Beirut when a local Muslim uprising was feared.
[RL30172]
1903–1904:
Abyssinia (
Ethiopia): Twenty-five Marines were sent to Abyssinia to protect the US Consul General while he negotiated a treaty.
[RL30172]
1903–1914: Panama: US forces sought to protect American interests and lives during and following the revolution for independence from Colombia over construction of the Isthmian Canal. With brief intermissions, United States Marines were stationed on the Isthmus from November 4, 1903 to January 21, 1914 to guard American interests.
[RL30172]
1904: Dominican Republic: From January 2 to February 11, American and British naval forces established an area in which no fighting would be allowed and protected American interests in
Puerto Plata,
Sosua, and
Santo Domingo during revolutionary fighting.
[RL30172]
1904: Tangier, Morocco: "We want either
Perdicaris alive or
Raisuli dead." A squadron demonstrated to force release of a kidnapped American. Marines were landed to protect the consul general.
[RL30172]
1904: Panama: From November 17 to 24, U.S. forces protected American lives and property at
Ancon at the time of a threatened insurrection.
[RL30172]
1904–1905: Korea: From January 5, 1904 to November 11, 1905, a guard of Marines was sent to protect the American legation in Seoul during the
Russo-Japanese War.
[RL30172]
1906–1909: Cuba: From September 1906 to January 23, 1909, US forces sought to protect interests and re-establish a government after revolutionary activity.
[RL30172]
1907: Honduras: From March 18 to June 8, to protect American interests during a war between Honduras and Nicaragua, troops were stationed in Trujillo, Ceiba, Puerto Cortes, San Pedro Sula, Laguna and Choloma.
[RL30172]
1910–1919[edit]
1911: Honduras: On January 26, American naval detachments were landed to protect American lives and interests during a civil war in Honduras.
[RL30172]
1911: China: As the
Tongmenghui-led
Xinhai Revolution approached, in October an ensign and 10 men tried to enter Wuchang to rescue missionaries but retired on being warned away, and a small landing force guarded American private property and consulate at Hankow. Marines were deployed in November to guard the cable stations at Shanghai;
landing forces were sent for protection in Nanking, Chinkiang, Taku and elsewhere.
[RL30172]
1912: Honduras: A small force landed to prevent seizure by the government of an American-owned railroad at Puerto Cortes. The forces were withdrawn after the United States disapproved the action.
[RL30172]
1912: China: August 24–26, on Kentucky Island, and August 26–30 at Camp Nicholson. U.S. forces protected Americans and American interests during the
Xinhai Revolution.
[RL30172]
1912: Turkey: From November 18 to December 3, U.S. forces guarded the American legation at Constantinople during the
First Balkan War[RL30172]
1912–1925: Nicaragua: From August to November 1912, U.S. forces protected American interests during an attempted revolution. A small force, serving as a legation guard and seeking to promote peace and stability, remained until August 5, 1925.
[RL30172]
1912–1941:
China: The disorders which began with the overthrow of the dynasty during Kuomintang rebellion in 1912, which were redirected by the invasion of China by Japan, led to demonstrations and landing parties for the protection of U.S. interests in China continuously and at many points from 1912 on to 1941. The guard at Peking and along the route to the sea was maintained until 1941. In 1927, the United States had 5,670 troops ashore in China and 44 naval vessels in its waters. In 1933 the United States had 3,027 armed men ashore. The protective action was generally based on treaties with China concluded from 1858 to 1901.
[RL30172]
1913: Mexico: From September 5 to 7, a few marines landed at Ciaris Estero to aid in evacuating American citizens and others from the
Yaqui Valley, made dangerous for foreigners by the
Mexican Revolution.
[RL30172]
1914: Haiti: January 29 to February 9, February 20 and 21, October 19. Intermittently, U.S. naval forces protected American nationals in a time of rioting and revolution.
[RL30172] The specific order from Secretary of the Navy
Josephus P. Daniels to the invasion commander, Admiral William Deville Bundy, was to "protect American and foreign" interests.
[citation needed]
1914: Dominican Republic: In June and July, during a revolutionary movement, United States naval forces by gunfire stopped the bombardment of Puerto Plata, and by threat of force maintained Santo Domingo City as a neutral zone.
[RL30172]
1915–1934: Haiti: From July 28, 1915 to August 15, 1934,
United States occupation of Haiti. US forces maintained order during a period of chronic political instability.
[RL30172] During the initial entrance into Haiti, the specific order from the Secretary of the Navy to the invasion commander, Admiral William Deville Bundy, was to "protect American and foreign" interests.
[citation needed]
1916: China: American forces landed to quell a riot taking place on American property in Nanking.
[RL30172]
1917: China: American troops were landed at
Chungking to protect American lives during a political crisis.
[RL30172]
1917–1922: Cuba: U.S. forces protected American interests during insurrection and subsequent unsettled conditions. Most of the United States armed forces left Cuba by August 1919, but two companies remained at
Camaguey until February 1922.
[RL30172]
1918–1919: Mexico: After withdrawal of the Pershing expedition, U.S. troops entered Mexico in pursuit of bandits at least three times in 1918 and six times in 1919. In August 1918, American and Mexican troops fought at
Nogales,
Battle of Ambos Nogales. The incident began when German spies plotted an attack with the
Mexican Army on
Nogales, Arizona. The fighting began when a Mexican officer shot and killed a U.S. soldier on American soil. A full-scale battle then ensued, ending with a Mexican surrender.
[RL30172]
1918–1920: Panama: U.S. forces were used for police duty according to treaty stipulations, at
Chiriqui, during election disturbances and subsequent unrest.
[RL30172]
1918–1920:
Russian SFSR: Marines were landed at and near
Vladivostok in June and July to protect the American consulate and other points in the fighting between the
Red Army and the
Czech Legion which had traversed Siberia from the western front. A joint proclamation of emergency government and neutrality was issued by the American, Japanese, British, French, and Czech commanders in July. In August 7,000 men were landed in Vladivostok and remained until January 1920, as part of an allied occupation force. In September 1918, 5,000 American troops joined the allied intervention force at the city of
Arkhangelsk and remained until June 1919. These operations were in response to the Bolshevik revolution in Russia and were partly supported by Czarist or Kerensky elements.
[RL30172] For details, see the American Expeditionary Force Siberia and the American Expeditionary Force North Russia.
1919: Dalmatia (Croatia): U.S. forces were landed at
Trau at the request of Italian authorities to police order between the
Italians and
Serbs.
[RL30172]
1919: Honduras: From September 8 to 12, a landing force was sent ashore to maintain order in a neutral zone during an attempted revolution.
[RL30172]
1920–1929[edit]
1920: China: On March 14, a landing force was sent ashore for a few hours to protect lives during a disturbance at
Kiukiang.
[RL30172]
1920: Guatemala: From April 9 to 27, U.S. forces protected the American Legation and other American interests, such as the cable station, during a period of fighting between Unionists and the Government of Guatemala.
[RL30172]
1920–1922: Russia (Siberia): From February 16, 1920, to November 19, 1922, a Marine guard was sent to protect the United States radio station and property on
Russian Island, Bay of Vladivostok.
[RL30172]
1921: Panama and Costa Rica: American naval squadrons demonstrated in April on both sides of the Isthmus to prevent war between the two countries over a boundary dispute.
[RL30172]
1921: Tulsa, Oklahoma (United States): The Tulsa Massacre (also known as the
Tulsa Race Riot) consisted of the Ku Klux Klan, the United States National Guard, and mobs of white residents attacking the wealthiest black community in the United States at the time, the
Greenwood District in
Tulsa, also known as "Black Wall Street". The riot was largely omitted from local, state, and national histories. The perpetrators killed over 200 blacks and left thousands more injured and displaced.
1922–1923: China: From April 1922 to November 1923, Marines were landed five times to protect Americans during periods of unrest.
[RL30172]
1924: Honduras: From February 28 to March 31, and from September 10 to 15, U.S. forces protected American lives and interests during election hostilities.
[RL30172]
1924: China: In September, Marines were landed to protect Americans and other foreigners in Shanghai during Chinese factional hostilities.
[RL30172]
1925: China: From January 15 to August 29, fighting of Chinese factions accompanied by riots and demonstrations in Shanghai brought the landing of American forces to protect lives and property in the
International Settlement.
[RL30172]
1925: Honduras: From April 19 to 21, U.S. forces protected foreigners at
La Ceiba during a political upheaval.
[RL30172]
1925: Panama: From October 12 to 23, strikes and rent riots led to the landing of about 600 American troops to keep order and protect American interests.
[RL30172]
1926–1933: Nicaragua: From May 7 to June 5, 1926, and August 27, 1926, to January 3, 1933, the coup d'état of General
Emiliano Chamorro Vargas aroused revolutionary activities leading to the landing of American marines to protect the interests of the United States. United States forces came and went intermittently until January 3, 1933.
[RL30172]
1926: China: In August and September, the Nationalist attack on
Hankow brought the landing of American naval forces to protect American citizens. A small guard was maintained at the consulate general even after September 16, when the rest of the forces were withdrawn. Likewise, when Kuomintang forces captured
Kiukiang, naval forces were landed for the protection of foreigners November 4 to 6.
[RL30172]
1927: China: In February, fighting at Shanghai caused presence American naval forces and marines to be increased. In March, a naval guard was stationed at American consulate at Nanking after Nationalist forces captured the city. American and British destroyers later used shell fire to protect Americans and other foreigners. Subsequently, additional forces of Marines and naval forces were stationed in the vicinity of Shanghai and Tientsin.
[RL30172]
1930–1939[edit]
1932: China: American forces were landed to protect American interests during the Japanese occupation of Shanghai.
[RL30172]
1933: Cuba: During a revolution against President
Gerardo Machado naval forces demonstrated but no landing was made.
[RL30172]
1934: China: Marines landed at
Foochow to protect the American Consulate.
[RL30172]
1940–1944[edit]
1941: Greenland: Greenland was taken under protection of the United States in April.
[RL30172]
1941: Netherlands (Dutch Guiana): In November, the President ordered American troops to occupy Dutch Guiana, but by agreement with the Netherlands government in exile, Brazil cooperated to protect aluminum ore supply from the bauxite mines in Suriname.
[RL30172]
1941: Germany: Sometime in the spring, the President ordered the Navy to patrol ship lanes to Europe. By July, U.S. warships were convoying and by September were attacking German submarines. In November, in response to the October 31, 1941 sinking of
USS Reuben James, the Neutrality Act was partly repealed to protect U.S. military aid to Britain.
[RL30172]
1945–1949[edit]
1945: China: In October 50,000 U.S. Marines were sent to
North China to assist Chinese Nationalist authorities in disarming and repatriating the Japanese in China and in controlling ports, railroads, and airfields. This was in addition to approximately 60,000 U.S. forces remaining in China at the end of World War II.
[RL30172]
1944–1946: Temporary reoccupation of the
Philippines during World War II and in preparation for previously scheduled independence.
[citation needed]
1945–1947:
U.S. Marines garrisoned in mainland China to oversee the removal of Soviet and Japanese forces after World War II.
[6]
1948–1949: China: Marines were dispatched to
Nanking to protect the American Embassy when the city fell to
Communist troops, and to
Shanghai to aid in the protection and evacuation of Americans.
[RL30172]
1950–1959[edit]
Map of military operations since 1950
1950–1953:
Korean War: The United States responded to the
North Korean invasion of
South Korea by going to its assistance, pursuant to United Nations Security Council resolutions. US forces deployed in Korea exceeded 300,000 during the last year of the active conflict (1953). Over 36,600 US military were killed in action.
[RL30172]
1950: Puerto Rico (United States colonial territory): The
United States National Guard used
P-47 Thunderbolt attack aircraft, land-based artillery, mortar fire, and grenades to counterattack Puerto Rican freedom fighters, Nationalists and independence rebels looking to end US colonial rule during the
Jayuya Uprising.
1955–1964: Vietnam: First military advisors sent to Vietnam on February 12, 1955. By 1964, US troop levels had grown to 21,000. On August 7, 1964, US Congress approved Gulf of Tonkin resolution affirming "All necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States. . .to prevent further aggression. . . (and) assist any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asian Collective Defense Treaty (
SEATO) requesting assistance. . ."
[Vietnam timeline]
1958: Lebanon:
1958 Lebanon crisis, Marines were landed in
Lebanon at the invitation of President
Camille Chamoun to help protect against threatened insurrection supported from the outside. The President's action was supported by a Congressional resolution passed in 1957 that authorized such actions in that area of the world.
[RL30172]
1959–1960: The Caribbean: Second Marine Ground Task Force was deployed to protect U.S. nationals following the
Cuban Revolution.
[RL30172]
1955–1975:
Vietnam War: U.S. military advisers had been in
South Vietnam for a decade, and their numbers had been increased as the military position of the Saigon government became weaker. After citing what he falsely termed were
Vietnam People's Navy attacks on U.S. destroyers, in what came to be known as the
Gulf of Tonkin incident, President
Lyndon B. Johnson asked in August 1964 for a resolution expressing U.S. determination to support "freedom and protect peace in Southeast Asia." Congress responded with the
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, giving President Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of conventional military force in
Southeast Asia. Following this resolution, and following a communist attack on a U.S. installation in central Vietnam, the United States escalated its participation in the war to a peak of 543,000 military personnel by April 1969.
[RL30172]
1960–1969[edit]
1961: Cuba:
The Bay of Pigs Invasion, known in Latin America as Invasión de Bahía de Cochinos (or Invasión de Playa Girón or Batalla de Girón), was an unsuccessful military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the
CIA-sponsored paramilitary group
Brigade 2506 on April 17, 1961.
1962: Thailand: The
Third Marine Expeditionary Unit landed on May 17, 1962 to support that country during the threat of Communist pressure from outside; by July 30, the 5,000 marines had been withdrawn.
[RL30172]
1962: Cuba:
Cuban missile crisis, On October 22, President Kennedy instituted a "quarantine" on the shipment of offensive missiles to Cuba from the Soviet Union. He also warned Soviet Union that the launching of any missile from Cuba against nations in the Western Hemisphere would bring about U.S. nuclear retaliation on the Soviet Union. A negotiated settlement was achieved in a few days.
[RL30172]
1962–1975: Laos: From October 1962 until 1975, the United States played an important role in military support of anti-Communist forces in Laos.
[RL30172] Meanwhile, the United States was fighting a covert military operation using CIA paramilitary forces, known as
The Secret War.
1964: Congo (Zaïre): The United States sent four transport planes to provide airlift for Congolese troops during a rebellion and to transport Belgian paratroopers to rescue foreigners.
[RL30172]
1965: Invasion of Dominican Republic:
Operation Power Pack, The United States intervened to protect lives and property during a Dominican revolt and sent 20,000 U.S. troops as fears grew that the revolutionary forces were coming increasingly under Communist control.
[RL30172] A popular rebellion broke out, promising to reinstall
Juan Bosch as the country's elected leader. The revolution was crushed when U.S. Marines landed to uphold the military regime by force.
1967: Israel: The
USS Liberty incident, whereupon a United States Navy Technical Research Ship was attacked June 8, 1967 by the
Israel Defense Forces, killing 34 and wounding more than 170 U.S. crew members.
1967: Congo (Zaïre): The United States sent three military transport aircraft with crews to provide the Congo central government with logistical support during a revolt.
[RL30172]
1970–1979[edit]
1970:
Cambodian Campaign: U.S. troops were ordered into Cambodia to clean out Communist sanctuaries from which
Viet Cong and
North Vietnam attacked U.S. and South Vietnamese forces in Vietnam. The object of this attack, which lasted from April 30 to June 30, was to ensure the continuing safe withdrawal of American forces from South Vietnam and to assist the program of
Vietnamization.
[RL30172]
1972: North Vietnam: Christmas bombing
Operation Linebacker II (not mentioned in RL30172, but an operation leading to peace negotiations). The operation was conducted from December 18–29, 1972. It was a bombing of the cities
Hanoi and
Haiphong by
B-52 bombers.
1975: Evacuation from Vietnam:
Operation Frequent Wind, On April 3, 1975, President
Gerald Ford reported U.S. naval vessels, helicopters, and Marines had been sent to assist in evacuation of refugees and US nationals from Vietnam.
[RL30172]
1975: Evacuation from Cambodia:
Operation Eagle Pull, On April 12, 1975, President Ford reported that he had ordered U.S. military forces to proceed with the planned evacuation of U.S. citizens from Cambodia.
[RL30172]
1975: South Vietnam: On April 30, 1975, President Ford reported that a force of 70 evacuation helicopters and 865 Marines had evacuated about 1,400 U.S. citizens and 5,500 third country nationals and South Vietnamese from landing zones in and around the
U.S. Embassy, Saigon and
Tan Son Nhut Airport.
[RL30172]
1976: Lebanon: On July 22 and 23, 1976, helicopters from five U.S. naval vessels evacuated approximately 250 Americans and Europeans from Lebanon during fighting between Lebanese factions after an overland convoy evacuation had been blocked by hostilities.
[RL30172]
1978:
Zaïre (Congo): From May 19 through June, the United States utilized military transport aircraft to provide logistical support to Belgian and French rescue operations in Zaïre.
[RL30172]
1980–1989[edit]
1980: Iran:
Operation Eagle Claw, on April 26, 1980, President Carter reported the use of six U.S. transport planes and eight helicopters in an unsuccessful attempt to rescue the
American hostages in
Iran.
1981: El Salvador: After a guerrilla offensive against the government of El Salvador, additional U.S. military advisers were sent to El Salvador, bringing the total to approximately 55, to assist in training government forces in counterinsurgency.
[RL30172]
1981: Libya:
First Gulf of Sidra incident, on August 19, 1981, U.S. planes based on the carrier
USS Nimitz shot down two Libyan jets over the Gulf of Sidra after one of the Libyan jets had fired a heat-seeking missile. The United States periodically held freedom of navigation exercises in the Gulf of Sidra, claimed by Libya as territorial waters but considered international waters by the United States.
[RL30172]
1982: Sinai: On March 19, 1982, President Reagan reported the deployment of military personnel and equipment to participate in the
Multinational Force and Observers in the
Sinai Peninsula. Participation had been authorized by the Multinational Force and Observers Resolution, Public Law 97-132.
[RL30172]
1982: Lebanon:
Multinational Force in Lebanon, on August 21, 1982, President Reagan reported the dispatch of 800 Marines to serve in the multinational force to assist in the withdrawal of members of the Palestine Liberation force from Beirut. The Marines left September 20, 1982.
[RL30172]
1982–1983: Lebanon: On September 29, 1982, President Reagan reported the deployment of 1200 marines to serve in a temporary multinational force to facilitate the restoration of Lebanese government sovereignty. On September 29, 1983, Congress passed the Multinational Force in Lebanon Resolution (P.L. 98-119) authorizing the continued participation for eighteen months.
[RL30172]
1983: Egypt: After a Libyan plane bombed a city in Sudan on March 18, 1983, and Sudan and Egypt appealed for assistance, the United States dispatched an
AWACS electronic surveillance plane to Egypt.
[RL30172]
1983: Grenada:
Operation Urgent Fury, citing the increased threat of Soviet and Cuban influence and noting the development of an international airport following a coup d'état and alignment with the Soviet Union and Cuba, the U.S. invades the island nation of Grenada.
[RL30172]
1983–1989: Honduras: In July 1983, the United States undertook a series of exercises in Honduras that some believed might lead to conflict with Nicaragua. On March 25, 1986, unarmed U.S. military helicopters and crewmen ferried Honduran troops to the Nicaraguan border to repel Nicaraguan troops.
[RL30172]
1983: Chad: On August 8, 1983, President Reagan reported the deployment of two AWACS electronic surveillance planes and eight F-15 fighter planes and ground logistical support forces to assist Chad against Libyan and rebel forces.
[RL30172]
1984: Persian Gulf: On June 5, 1984, Saudi Arabian jet fighter planes, aided by intelligence from a U.S. AWACS electronic surveillance aircraft and fueled by a U.S. KC-10 tanker, shot down two Iranian fighter planes over an area of the Persian Gulf proclaimed as a protected zone for shipping.
[RL30172]
1985: Italy: On October 10, 1985, U.S. Navy pilots intercepted an Egyptian airliner and forced it to land in Sicily. The airliner was carrying the hijackers of the Italian cruise ship
Achille Lauro who had killed an American citizen during the hijacking.
[RL30172]
1986: Libya:
Action in the Gulf of Sidra (1986), on March 26, 1986, President Reagan reported on March 24 and 25, U.S. forces, while engaged in freedom of navigation exercises around the
Gulf of Sidra, had been attacked by Libyan missiles and the United States had responded with missiles.
[RL30172]
1986: Libya:
Operation El Dorado Canyon, on April 16, 1986, President Reagan reported that U.S. air and naval forces had conducted bombing strikes on terrorist facilities and military installations in the Libyan capitol of Tripoli, claiming that Libyan leader Col.
Muammar Gaddafi was responsible for a bomb attack at a German disco that killed two U.S. soldiers.
[RL30172]
1986: Bolivia: U.S. Army personnel and aircraft assisted Bolivia in anti-drug operations.
[RL30172]
1987: Persian Gulf:
Operation Nimble Archer. Attacks on two Iranian oil platforms in the Persian Gulf by United States Navy forces on October 19. The attack was a response to Iran's October 16, 1987 attack on the
MV Sea Isle City, a reflagged Kuwaiti oil tanker at anchor off
Kuwait, with a Silkworm missile.
1987–1988: Persian Gulf:
Operation Earnest Will. After the
Iran–Iraq War (the Tanker War phase) resulted in several military incidents in the Persian Gulf, the United States increased U.S. joint military forces operations in the Persian Gulf and adopted a policy of reflagging and escorting Kuwaiti oil tankers through the Persian Gulf to protect them from Iraqi and Iranian attacks. President Reagan reported that U.S. ships had been fired upon or struck mines or taken other military action on September 21 (
Iran Ajr), October 8, and October 19, 1987 and April 18 (
Operation Praying Mantis), July 3, and July 14, 1988. The United States gradually reduced its forces after a cease-fire between Iran and Iraq on August 20, 1988.
[RL30172] It was the largest naval convoy operation since World War II.
[8]
1988: Persian Gulf:
Operation Praying Mantis was the April 18, 1988 action waged by U.S. naval forces in retaliation for the Iranian mining of the Persian Gulf and the subsequent damage to an American warship.
1988: Honduras:
Operation Golden Pheasant was an emergency deployment of U.S. troops to Honduras in 1988, as a result of threatening actions by the forces of the (then socialist) Nicaraguans.
1988: Panama: In mid-March and April 1988, during a period of instability in Panama and as the United States increased pressure on Panamanian head of state General
Manuel Noriega to resign, the United States sent 1,000 troops to Panama, to "further safeguard the canal, US lives, property and interests in the area." The forces supplemented 10,000 U.S. military personnel already in the Panama Canal Zone.
[RL30172]
1989: Libya:
Second Gulf of Sidra incident. On January 4, 1989, two U.S. Navy F-14 aircraft based on USS
John F. Kennedy shot down two Libyan jet fighters over the Mediterranean Sea about 70 miles north of Libya. The U.S. pilots said the Libyan planes had demonstrated hostile intentions.
[RL30172]
1989: Panama: On May 11, 1989, in response to General Noriega's disregard of the results of the Panamanian election, President Bush ordered a brigade-sized force of approximately 1,900 troops to augment the estimated 1,000 U.S. forces already in the area.
[RL30172]
1989: Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru: Andean Initiative in War on Drugs, On September 15, 1989, President Bush announced that military and law enforcement assistance would be sent to help the Andean nations of Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru combat illicit drug producers and traffickers. By mid-September there were 50–100 U.S. military advisers in Colombia in connection with transport and training in the use of military equipment, plus seven Special Forces teams of 2–12 persons to train troops in the three countries.
[RL30172]
1989–1990: Panama:
United States invasion of Panama and
Operation Just Cause, On December 21, 1989, President Bush reported that he had ordered U.S. military forces to Panama to protect the lives of American citizens and bring General Noriega to justice. By February 13, 1990, all the invasion forces had been withdrawn.
[RL30172] Around 200 Panamanian civilians were reported killed. The Panamanian head of state, General Manuel Noriega, was captured and brought to the U.S.
1990–1999[edit]
1990: Liberia: On August 6, 1990, President Bush reported that a reinforced rifle company had been sent to provide additional security to the U.S. Embassy in Monrovia, and that helicopter teams had evacuated U.S. citizens from Liberia.
[RL30172]
1990: Saudi Arabia: On August 9, 1990, President Bush reported that he launched
Operation Desert Shield by ordering the forward deployment of substantial elements of the U.S. armed forces into the Persian Gulf region to help defend Saudi Arabia after the August 2
invasion of Kuwait by Iraq. On November 16, 1990, he reported the continued buildup of the forces to ensure an adequate offensive military option.
[RL30172]American hostages being held in Iran.
[RL30172]
1991: Iraq: On May 17, 1991, President Bush stated that the Iraqi repression of the Kurdish people had necessitated a limited introduction of U.S. forces into northern Iraq for emergency relief purposes.
[RL30172]
1991: Zaire: On September 25–27, 1991, after widespread looting and rioting broke out in
Kinshasa, Air Force C-141s transported 100 Belgian troops and equipment into Kinshasa. American planes also carried 300 French troops into the
Central African Republic and hauled evacuated American citizens.
[RL30172]
1992: Kuwait: On August 3, 1992, the United States began a series of military exercises in Kuwait, following Iraqi refusal to recognize a new border drawn up by the United Nations and refusal to cooperate with UN inspection teams.
[RL30172]
1992–2003: Iraq:
Iraqi no-fly zones, The U.S., United Kingdom, and its Gulf War allies declared and enforced "no-fly zones" over the majority of sovereign Iraqi airspace, prohibiting Iraqi flights in zones in southern Iraq and northern Iraq, conducting aerial reconnaissance, and several specific attacks on Iraqi air-defense systems as part of the UN mandate. Often, Iraqi forces continued throughout a decade by firing on U.S. and British aircraft patrolling no-fly zones.
(See also Operation Northern Watch, Operation Southern Watch) [RL30172]
1993–1995: Bosnia:
Operation Deny Flight, On April 12, 1993, in response to a United Nations Security Council passage of
Resolution 816, U.S. and NATO enforced the no-fly zone over the Bosnian airspace, prohibited all unauthorized flights and allowed to "take all necessary measures to ensure compliance with [the no-fly zone restrictions]."
1994–1995: Haiti:
Operation Uphold Democracy, U.S. ships had begun embargo against Haiti. Up to 20,000 U.S. military troops were later deployed to Haiti to restore democratically elected Haiti President
Jean-Bertrand Aristide from a military regime which came into power in 1991 after a major coup.
[RL30172]
1994: Macedonia: On April 19, 1994, President Clinton reported that the U.S. contingent in Macedonia had been increased by a reinforced company of 200 personnel.
[RL30172]
1994: Kuwait:
Operation Vigilant Warrior began in October 1994 when Iraqi
Republican Guard Divisions began repositioning within Iraq south near the Kuwaiti border. U.S. Forces countered with a movement of forces to the Gulf - the largest since Operation Desert Shield. The operation as officially terminated on December 22, 1994. Also see
[11]
1996: Central African Republic,
Operation Quick Response: On May 23, 1996, President Clinton reported the deployment of U.S. military personnel to
Bangui,
Central African Republic, to conduct the evacuation from that country of "private U.S. citizens and certain U.S. government employees", and to provide "enhanced security for the American Embassy in Bangui."
[RL30172] United States Marine Corps elements of Joint Task Force Assured Response, responding in nearby Liberia, provided security to the embassy and evacuated 448 people, including between 190 and 208 Americans. The last Marines left Bangui on June 22.
1996: Bosnia:
Operation Joint Guard, On December 21, 1996, U.S. and NATO established the
SFOR peacekeepers to replace the IFOR in enforcing the peace under the Dayton agreement.
1997: Congo and Gabon: On March 27, 1997, President Clinton reported on March 25, 1997, a standby evacuation force of U.S. military personnel had been deployed to Congo and Gabon to provide enhanced security and to be available for any necessary evacuation operation.
[RL30172]
1997: Sierra Leone: On May 29 and 30, 1997, U.S. military personnel were deployed to
Freetown,
Sierra Leone, to prepare for and undertake the evacuation of certain U.S. government employees and private U.S. citizens.
[RL30172]
1997: Cambodia: On July 11, 1997, In an effort to ensure the security of American citizens in Cambodia during a period of domestic conflict there, a Task Force of about 550 U.S. military personnel were deployed at
Utapao Air Base in Thailand for possible evacuations.
[RL30172]
1998: Iraq:
Operation Desert Fox, U.S. and British forces conduct a major four-day bombing campaign from December 16–19, 1998 on Iraqi targets.
[RL30172]
1998: Liberia: On September 27, 1998, America deployed a stand-by response and evacuation force of 30 U.S. military personnel to increase the security force at the U.S. Embassy in Monrovia.
[1] [RL30172]
2000–2009[edit]
- 2000: Sierra Leone: On May 12, 2000, a U.S. Navy patrol craft deployed to Sierra Leone to support evacuation operations from that country if needed.[RL30172]
- 2000: Nigeria: Special Forces troops are sent to Nigeria to lead a training mission in the country.[12]
- 2000: Yemen: On October 12, 2000, after the USS Cole attack in the port of Aden, Yemen, military personnel were deployed to Aden.[RL30172]
- 2000: East Timor: On February 25, 2000, a small number of U.S. military personnel were deployed to support the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET). [RL30172]
- 2001: On April 1, 2001, a mid-air collision between a United States Navy EP-3E ARIES II signals surveillance aircraft and a People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) J-8II interceptor fighter jet resulted in an international dispute between the United States and the People's Republic of China called the Hainan Island incident.
- 2001–2014: War in Afghanistan: The War on Terror begins with Operation Enduring Freedom. On October 7, 2001, U.S. Armed Forces invade Afghanistan in response to the 9/11 attacks and "begin combat action in Afghanistan against Al Qaeda terrorists and their Taliban supporters."[RL30172]
- 2002: Yemen: On November 3, 2002, an American MQ-1 Predator fired a Hellfire missile at a car in Yemen killing Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi, an al-Qaeda leader thought to be responsible for the USS Cole bombing.[RL30172]
- 2002: Philippines: OEF-Philippines, As of January, U.S. "combat-equipped and combat support forces" have been deployed to the Philippines to train with, assist and advise the Philippine Armed Forces in enhancing their "counterterrorist capabilities."[RL30172]
- 2002: Côte d'Ivoire: On September 25, 2002, in response to a rebellion in Côte d'Ivoire, U.S. military personnel went into Côte d'Ivoire to assist in the evacuation of American citizens from Bouaké.[13][RL30172]
- 2003–2011: War in Iraq: Operation Iraqi Freedom, March 20, 2003, The United States leads a coalition that includes the United Kingdom, Australia and Poland to invade Iraq with the stated goal being "to disarm Iraq in pursuit of peace, stability, and security both in the Gulf region and in the United States."[RL30172]
- 2003: Liberia: Second Liberian Civil War, On June 9, 2003, President Bush reported that on June 8 he had sent about 35 U.S. Marines into Monrovia, Liberia, to help secure the U.S. Embassy in Nouakchott, Mauritania, and to aid in any necessary evacuation from either Liberia or Mauritania.[RL30172]
- 2003: Georgia and Djibouti: "US combat equipped and support forces" had been deployed to Georgia and Djibouti to help in enhancing their "counterterrorist capabilities."[14]
- 2004: Haiti: 2004 Haitian coup d'état occurs, The US first sent 55 combat equipped military personnel to augment the U.S. Embassy security forces there and to protect American citizens and property in light. Later 200 additional US combat-equipped, military personnel were sent to prepare the way for a UN Multinational Interim Force, MINUSTAH.[RL30172]
- 2004: War on Terror: U.S. anti-terror related activities were underway in Georgia, Djibouti, Kenya, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Eritrea.[15]
- 2004–present: The U.S. deploys drone strikes to aid in the War in North-West Pakistan
- 2005–2006: Pakistan: President Bush deploys troops from US Army Air Cav Brigades to provide Humanitarian relief to far remote villages in the Kashmir mountain ranges of Pakistan stricken by a massive earthquake.
- 2006: Lebanon: part of the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit[16] begins evacuation of U.S. citizens willing to leave the country in the face of a likely ground invasion by Israel and continued fighting between Hezbollah and the Israeli military.[16][17]
- 2007 - The Mogadishu Encounter, on November 4, 2007, Somali Pirates boarded and attacked a North Korean merchant vessel. Passing U.S. Navy Ships and a helicopter that were patrolling at the time responded to the attack. Once the ship was freed from the pirates, the American forces were given permission to board and assist the wounded crew and handle surviving pirates.
- 2007: Somalia: Battle of Ras Kamboni, On January 8, 2007, while the conflict between the Islamic Courts Union and the Transitional Federal Government continues, an AC-130 gunship conducts an aerial strike on a suspected al-Qaeda operative, along with other Islamist fighters, on Badmadow Island near Ras Kamboni in southern Somalia.[18]
2010–2019[edit]
- 2010–present: al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen: The U.S. has been launching a series of drone strikes on suspected al-Qaeda, al-Shabaab, and ISIS positions in Yemen.
- 2010–2011: Operation New Dawn, On February 17, 2010, U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced that as of September 1, 2010, the name "Operation Iraqi Freedom" would be replaced by "Operation New Dawn". This coincides with the reduction of American troops to 50,000.
- 2011: 2011 military intervention in Libya: Operation Odyssey Dawn, United States and coalition enforcing U.N. Security Council Resolution 1973 with bombings of Libyan forces.
- 2011: Osama Bin Laden is killed by U.S. military forces in Abbottabad, Pakistan as part of Operation Neptune Spear.
- 2011: Drone strikes on al-Shabaab militants begin in Somalia.[19] This marks the 6th nation in which such strikes have been carried out,[20] including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Yemen[21] and Libya.
- 2011–present: Uganda: U.S. Combat troops sent in as advisers to Uganda.[22]
- 2012: Jordan: 150 U.S. troops deployed to Jordan to help it contain the Syrian Civil War within Syria's borders.[23]
- 2012: Turkey: 400 troops and two batteries of Patriot missiles sent to Turkey to prevent any missile strikes from Syria.[24]
- 2012: Chad: 50 U.S. troops have deployed to the African country of Chad to help evacuate U.S. citizens and embassy personnel from the neighboring Central African Republic's capital of Bangui in the face of rebel advances toward the city.
- 2013: Mali: U.S. forces assisted the French in Operation Serval with air refueling and transport aircraft.
- 2013: Somalia: U.S. Air Force planes supported the French in the Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt. However, they did not use any weapons.[25]
- 2013: 2013 Korean crisis
- 2013: Navy SEALs conducted a raid in Somalia and possibly killed a senior Al-Shabaab official, simultaneously another raid took place in Tripoli, Libya, where Special Operations Forces captured Abu Anas al Libi (also known as Anas al-Libi)[26]
- 2014–present: Uganda: V-22 Ospreys, MC-130s, KC-135s and additional U.S. soldiers are sent to Uganda to continue to help African forces search for Joseph Kony.[27]
- 2014–present: American intervention in Iraq: Hundreds of U.S. troops deployed to protect American assets in Iraq and to advise Iraqi and Kurdish fighters.[28] In August the U.S. Air Force conducted a humanitarian air drop and the U.S. Navy began a series of airstrikes against Islamic State-aligned forces throughout northern Iraq.[29][30]
- 2014: 2014 American rescue mission in Syria: The U.S. attempted to rescue James Foley and other hostages being held by ISIL. Air strikes were conducted on the ISIL military base known as "Osama bin Laden camp". Meanwhile, the bombings, Delta teams parachuted near an ISIL high-valued prison. The main roads were blocked to keep any target from escaping. When no hostage was found, the American troops began house to house searches. By this time, ISIL militants began arriving to the area. Heavy fighting occurred until the Americans decided to abandon the mission due to the hostages being nowhere in the area. Although the mission failed, at least 5 ISIL militants were killed, however 1 American troop was wounded. According to the reports, Jordan had a role in the operation and that one Jordanian soldier had been wounded as well. This was unconfirmed.
- 2014–present: American-led intervention in Syria: American aircraft bomb Islamic State positions in Syria. Airstrikes on al-Qaeda, al-Nusra Front and Khorasan positions are also being conducted.
- 2014–present: Intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant: Syrian locals forces and American-led coalition forces launch a series of aerial attacks on ISIL and al-Nusra Front positions in Iraq and Syria.
- 2014: 2014 Yemen hostage rescue operations against al-Qaeda: On November 25, U.S. Navy SEALs and Yemeni Special Forces launched an operations in Yemen in attempt to rescue eight hostages that were being held by al-Qaeda. Although the operation was successful, no American hostages were secured. In the first attempt, six Yemenis, one Saudi Arabian, and one Ethiopian were rescued. On December 4, 2014, al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) threatened to execute the Somers if the U.S. failed to the unspecified commands. AQAP also stated that they would be executed if the U.S. attempted another rescue operation. On December 6, a second operation was launched. 40 U.S. SEALs and 30 Yemeni troops were deployed to the compound. A 10-minute fire fight occurred before the American troops could enter where the remaining hostages (Somers and Korkie) were being held. They were alive, but fatally wounded. Surgery was done in mid air when flying away from the site. Korkie died while in flight, and Somers died once landed on USS Makin Island. No American troop was killed/injured, however a Yemenis soldier was wounded.
- 2015: April 30, 2015 U.S. sends ships to the Strait of Hormuz to shield vessels after Iranian seizure of a commercial vessel, MV Maersk Tigris. Iran fired shots over the bow, and seized the ship registered in the Marshall Islands, as part of a decade-long legal dispute between Iran and Maersk.[31]
- 2015–present: In early October 2015, the US military deployed 300 troops to Cameroon, with the approval of the Cameroonian government; their primary mission was to provide intelligence support to local forces as well as conducting reconnaissance flights.[citation needed]
- 2017: 2017 Shayrat missile strike: Tomahawk missiles launched from US naval vessels in the Mediterranean hit a Syrian airbase in Homs Governorate in response to a chemical weapons attack against civilians south-west of Idlib. Seven were killed and nine wounded.[32]
- 2018: 2018 bombing of Damascus and Homs was launched in response to the alleged Douma chemical attack against civilians in April 2018.[33]
- 2019: Operation Sentinel: U.S. Central Command was developing a multinational maritime effort to increase surveillance of and security in key waterways in the Middle East to ensure freedom of navigation. [34]
2020-present[edit]